Sustainable Palm Oil through the Triple Bottom Line Framework: Pathways to Community Welfare Transformation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/mjst.v3i3.185Keywords:
Sustainable Palm Oil, Triple Bottom Line, Community Welfare Transformation, Smallholder Farmers, Certification Schemes, Social Sustainability, Environmental Conservation, Inclusive Development, Circular Economy, ResilienceAbstract
The palm oil industry faces mounting pressure to reconcile economic productivity with environmental conservation and social equity. This qualitative literature review examines sustainable palm oil production through the Triple Bottom Line (3P) framework—Profit, People, Planet—and analyzes its role in transforming community welfare. Synthesizing 85 peer-reviewed articles and authoritative reports from 2020 to 2025, predominantly from Scopus and Web of Science databases, this study identifies critical thematic patterns linking sustainability practices to welfare outcomes. Findings reveal that sustainable intensification practices enhance smallholder productivity by 10-25% and increase incomes by 7-25%, thereby lifting millions out of poverty. However, welfare transformation remains heterogeneous and context-dependent. The People dimension demonstrates progress in labor rights, gender mainstreaming, and community empowerment, though implementation gaps persist. The Planet dimension shows certification schemes protecting 466,600 hectares of High Conservation Value forests, while circular economy innovations reduce greenhouse gas emissions by converting palm oil mill effluent into biogas. Integration of all three dimensions—through certification, inclusive business models, and multi-stakeholder governance—yields the most robust welfare-transformation pathways. The study emphasizes the heterogeneity among smallholders, necessitating differentiated interventions across five resilience classes. Critical barriers include certification costs, land tenure insecurity, gender inequality, and climate vulnerability
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