Comprehensive Assessment of Surface Water Quality Parameters and Their Implications Across Four Distinct Zones in Balasore District, Odisha
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/mjst.v2i8.52Keywords:
Surface Water Quality, Balasore, Water Pollution, Environmental MonitoringAbstract
Background/Objective: This study assesses the surface water quality across four zones (coastal, municipal, industrial, and forest) in Balasore District, Odisha, to understand spatial variations in water quality and the impact of human activities on aquatic ecosystems. Methods: Eight water sampling sites were selected, two from each zone. Water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total solids (TS), were analysed. Results: Significant water quality differences were observed. Coastal and industrial zones showed high pollution, with elevated BOD, conductivity, and solids. Municipal areas showed moderate pollution, while forested areas had the cleanest water with minimal pollution. Discussion: Coastal and industrial zones experienced higher pollution due to saline intrusion, runoff, and chemical discharges. Forested areas exhibited lower contamination levels, underscoring the importance of land-use and human activities on water quality. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for region-specific management strategies to improve water quality in Balasore District, advocating for continuous monitoring and sustainable practices to mitigate pollution
References
American Public Health Association, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st ed.). APHA.
American Public Health Association, 2017. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.). APHA.
Bhatnagar, A. and Devi, P., 2013. Water quality guidelines for the management of pond fish culture. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(6), pp.1980–2009.
Biswas, A.K., Tortajada, C. and Izquierdo, R., 2009. Water management in 2020 and beyond. Springer.
Boyd, C.E., 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn University.
Brezonik, P.L., 1994. Chemical kinetics and process dynamics in aquatic systems. CRC Press.
Carpenter, S.R., Caraco, N.F., Correll, D.L., Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A.N. and Smith, V.H., 1998. Nonpoint pollution of sur-face waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications, 8(3), pp.559–568.
Chapman, D. (Ed.), 1996. Water quality assessments: A guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental moni-toring (2nd ed.). UNESCO/WHO/UNEP.
Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R. and Mays, L.W., 1988. Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill.
Clark, R.M. and Deininger, R.A., 2000. Protecting the nation's critical infrastructure: The vulnerability of U.S. water supply sys-tems. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 8(2), pp.73–80.
Cole, G.A., 1994. Textbook of limnology (4th ed.). Waveland Press.
Dikshit, M., Sharma, P. and Yadav, D., 2020. Impact of industrial effluents on water quality: A case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(5), p.222.
Dixit, D., Chauhan, S. and Tripathi, V., 2018. Water quality monitoring: A critical approach for managing water resources. Sci-ence of the Total Environment, 630, pp.1342–1349.
Edokpayi, J.N., Odiyo, J.O. and Durowoju, O.S., 2017. Impact of wastewater on surface water quality in developing countries: A case study of South Africa. Water Quality, pp.401–416.
Fetter, C.W., 2001. Applied hydrogeology (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Ghosh, D., Chakrabarti, S. and Das, S., 2021. Water quality monitoring and its importance for aquatic ecosystems. Environ-mental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), p.210.
Gleick, P.H., 1998. Water in crisis: Paths to sustainable water use. Ecological Applications, 8(3), pp.571–579.
Goldman, C.R. and Horne, A.J., 1983. Limnology. McGraw-Hill.
Gupta, V., Kumar, A. and Patel, S., 2020. Water pollution and its impact on aquatic ecosystems in urban India. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(2), pp.123–133.
Hem, J.D., 1985. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (Vol. 2254). U.S. Geological Sur-vey.
Horne, A.J. and Goldman, C.R., 1994. Limnology (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Jadhav, V. and Bhosale, S., 2020. Influence of temperature on water quality and aquatic organisms. Journal of Environmen-tal Management, 243, pp.17–24.
Jarvie, H.P., Neal, C. and Withers, P.J.A., 2006. Sewage-effluent phosphorus: A greater risk to river eutrophication than agricul-tural phosphorus? Science of the Total Environment, 360(1-3), pp.246–253.
Kumar, R., Bhattacharya, S. and Dey, S., 2020. Forests and water quality: A study of Himalayan watersheds. Journal of Envi-ronmental Management, 253, p.109867.
Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y., 2016. A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecological Economics, 70(4), pp.1034–1044.
Meybeck, M. and Helmer, R., 1989. The quality of rivers: From pristine stage to global pollution. Paleogeography, Paleocli-matology, Paleoecology, 75(4), pp.283–309.
Mishra, R. and Mohanty, S., 2019. Impact of urbanization on surface water quality in India. Environmental Research Letters, 14(10), p.104032.
Naiman, R.J. and Turner, M.G., 2000. A future perspective on North America's freshwater ecosystems. Ecological Applica-tions, 10(4), pp.958–970.
Pattanaik, D., Behera, B. and Mahapatra, M., 2018. Municipal water pollution and its effects on water bodies in Odisha. Jour-nal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(5), pp.2105–2113.
Pradhan, S., Singh, P. and Raghav, V., 2021. Water pollution in industrial areas: A case study of eastern India. Environmental Pollution, 270, p.116053.
Prasanna, M., Suman, S. and Verma, A., 2019. Organic pollution in Indian water bodies: A review. Journal of Water and Health, 17(3), pp.427–435.
Rao, S., Nair, V. and Soni, S., 2020. Impact of coastal pollution on water quality: A case study from eastern India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157, p.111365.
Reynolds, C.S., 2006. Ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press.
Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L. and Parkin, G.F., 2003. Chemistry for environmental engineering and science (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Sharma, R., Singh, S. and Yadav, P., 2020. Urbanization and its effects on water quality: A review. Water Quality Research Journal, 55(1), pp.22–35.
Singh, R., Bhat, S. and Kumar, A., 2020. Water quality monitoring in Indian rivers: Challenges and solutions. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 40(1), pp.35–41.
Trivedi, R.K. and Goel, P.K., 1986. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental Publications.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2018. Global Environment Outlook: Regional Assessments. United Nations Environment Programme.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and Debán, L., 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river wa-ter by exploratory data analysis. Water Research, 32(12), pp.3581–3592.
Wetzel, R.G., 2001. Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2017. Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). World Health Organization.
Yidana, S.M., Banoeng-Yakubo, B. and Akabzaa, T., 2010. Analysis of water quality using multivariate statistical methods: A case study of the Densu River basin, Ghana. Environmental Earth Sciences, 59(5), pp.1099–1107.
